Amazing Universe - Random Knowledge

Dimensions are one of my favorite word amongst other science crazy stuff. Dimensionality really is a crazy stuff which can be understood but very difficult to visualize beyond our 3-dimension world. It had been a topic of science-fiction in various movies and books. But one of their accurate description can be found in a english novel Flatland -  a romance of many dimensions  by Edwin Abbott first published in 1884. The mathematical space(or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any within it. Let's get some basic facts about it. A point is said to be of the zero dimension. Two points can combine to form lines which forms one dimension. Now lines get attached to form structures of the two dimensions like square, triangle, etc. Now this structures can be stretched to the third dimension by giving it a height. It consists of shapes like cube, cuboid,pyramids, etc.  Now when these are taken to the fourth dimension by givin...

The Casimir force is the mutual attraction of two closely spaced, parallel, and uncharged conducting planes that persists even at absolute zero temperature. This force results from a change in the zero point energy of the electromagnetic field between the plates, due to the modification of the field modes as the plates are brought together. The typical example is of the two uncharged conductive plates in a vacuum, placed a few nanometers apart. In a classical description, the lack of an external field means that there is no field between the plates, and no force would be measured between them.When this field is instead studied using the quantum electrodynamic vacuum, it is seen that the plates do affect the virtual photons which constitute the field, and generate a net force– either an attraction or a repulsion depending on the specific arrangement of the two plates. Although the Casimir effect can be expressed in terms of virtual particles interacting with the objects, i...

Butterfly effect is a term first used by Edward Lorenz to explain tornado shifts in weather model. The effect is used in chaos theory to denoye that a small changes in initial conditions may result in variegated output.  It is amazing that it gives us a limit to what we can estimate. We can use formulas for various workings of nature but we fail to get accurate results as small discrepancies always appear. It is the reason why it is impossible to determine the result of dice thrown from same position with same force, even if we work out its dynamics.  Butterfly effect is used mostly in two fields: Weather modeling - Small changes in patterns of wind can change weather forecasts, direction of tornadoes, tsunamis etc.  Quantum Mechanics - It helps us two explain classical and semiclassical behavior of atoms under strong fields. It also works for anisotropic Kepler problem.  Quantum and semclassical treatments to system sensitivity for initial conditions is ...

Johann Gottlieb Leidenfrost (November 27, 1715 – December 2, 1794) was a German doctor and theologian who first described the scientific phenomenon  named the Leidenfrost effect. The effect Leidenfrost described is a phenomenon in which a liquid, in near contact with a mass significantly hotter than its boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer which keeps that liquid from boiling rapidly. It is most commonly seen when cooking; one sprinkles drops of water in a skillet to gauge its temperature. If the skillet's temperature is at or above the Leidenfrost point , the water skitters across the metal and takes longer to evaporate than it would in a skillet that is hot, but at a temperature below the Leidenfrost point. It has also been used in some dangerous demonstrations, such as dipping a wet finger in molten lead or blowing out a mouthful of liquid nitrogen, both enacted without injury to the demonstrator. The Leidenfrost point signifies the onset of stable fil...

A black hole is a place in space where gravity pulls so much that even light can not get out. The gravity is so strong because matter has been squeezed into a tiny space. This can happen when a star is dying.The theory of general relativity predicts that a sufficiently compact mass can deform space-time to form a black hole.The boundary of the region from which no escape is possible is called the event horizon. Although the event horizon has an enormous effect on the fate and circumstances of an object crossing it, no locally detectable features appear to be observed. In many ways a black hole acts like an ideal black body, as it reflects no light. Moreover, quantum field theory in curved space-time predicts that event horizons emit Hawking radiation, with the same spectrum as a black body of a temperature inversely proportional to its mass. This temperature is on the order of billionths of a kelvin for black holes of stellar mass, making it essentially impossible to observe...

According to Wikipedia, Lightning is a sudden electrostatic discharge that occurs during a thunderstorm. This discharge occurs between electrically charged regions of a cloud (called intra-cloud lightning or IC), between two clouds (CC lightning), or between a cloud and the ground (CG lightning). Types of lightning: Ball lightning;Bead lightning;Dry lightning;Forked lightning;Heat lightning;Ribbon lightning;Rocket lightning;Sheet lightning;Smooth channel lightning;Staccato lightning;Super bolts;Sympathetic lightning;Clear-air lightning.  Some facts on lightning : It is about 54,000 degrees Fahrenheit — roughly five times hotter than the surface of the sun! An average lightning bolt can release enough energy to operate a 100-watt light bulb for more than three months straight.  The air between the clouds and Earth blocks the connection — until the charge gets so strong that an electrical impulse called a “stepped leader” shoots down from the cloud.The leader...

Heat waves form when high pressure aloft (from 10,000–25,000 feet (3,000–7,600 metres)) strengthens and remains over a region for several days up to several weeks. This is common in summer (in both Northern and Southern Hemispheres) as the jet stream 'follows the sun'. On the equator side of the jet stream, in the upper layers of the atmosphere, is the high pressure area.  Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon, overall.Since the heat waves have a serious effect on human mortality, root causes of these heatwaves need to be clarified.There has been a number of mega heatwaves in recent years worldwide.India suffers from major heatwaves during March-June. The rising trend of number of intense heatwaves in recent decades has been vaguely attributed to global warming.  Recent studies suggest that frequency, duration and intensity of heat wave events are increasing over land regions across the globe. Over India, in the past, heat waves have caused m...